This book review serves as a postscript to the recent Inlander issue that examined the bloody history of racism in the Inland Northwest due to the incursion of Confederacy loyalists after the Civil War.
The story told in Unsettled Ground: The Whitman Massacre and Its Shifting Legacy in the American West begins three decades earlier when Marcus Whitman came west to scout locations for a Presbyterian mission. In this book by Cassandra Tate, the author tells the well-known story of the tragic fate of Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and seven others — five men and two teenage boys. But she then steps back from the gruesome killing to dissect with deep research the story, the people and the place where cultures collided with deadly results.
The result is a highly readable, myth-busting, fact-based story of what happened, and more important, why it happened.
Tate, a former journalist who worked for papers in the Northwest before earning a PhD in history at the University of Washington in 1995, has written a convincing tale of misery and ultimate failure of the mission. Not one Native was converted to Christianity, and the mission became a supply stop for emigrants on the Oregon Trail with dreams of settling in Oregon Country. The would-be settlers were oblivious to the fact they were overtaking vast lands that had provided sustenance to the Natives for centuries.
Tate details one wagon train: "One hundred twenty wagons, at least eight hundred and possibly as many as one thousand emigrants, and from three thousand to five thousand horses, mules, oxen and cattle." It was September 1843. "The watching Cayuse must have been stunned," she writes. Borrowing an analogy from another historian, she compares the wagon train to the equivalent of more than seventy-five thousand western Natives marching through Boston on their way to settle in Cape Cod.
Unsettled Ground falls squarely within the historical currents of the day. Tate describes in detail the Whitman statue in the National Statuary Hall that is one of two statues representing Washington state. "The statue embodies Whitman's place in the mythology of the West, not the realities of his life," she writes. "It is a fanciful depiction."
Equally as important as the factual history of Whitman is the nuanced understanding Tate brings to the Cayuse, the Native tribe upon whose land the mission was placed. It was Cayuse tribal members who attacked and killed Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and seven others at the mission.
To say there were cultural differences vastly understates the reality. Christian missionaries and Indigenous people of the West had nothing in common. The Cayuse were openly social, giving gifts and moving freely among one another's lodges. The Whitmans built fences, locked their doors and had no gifts to give. The missionaries had a rigid belief system; the Cayuse, Tate writes, "were religious synthesizers willing to graft new ideas onto old beliefs." Distrust grew when measles caused numerous deaths among the Cayuse, mostly children, but relatively few among white settlers. Cayuse suspected Whitman, who was a doctor, of poisoning the Indians.
Tate weaves all of this into the historical backdrop of earlier explorers of the West and the competitive forces that emerged — Great Britain vs. the United States, French Canadian Catholics vs. American Protestants. Tate describes Oregon Country as "a landscape of competition."
She draws the story on this broad canvas but remains firmly affixed to the Whitman story. In doing so she has used history to create a new and approachable tale of a story many of us thought we knew but discover here all that we did not know. It's a tale for all who love the West, its history and its truths. ♦
Unsettled Ground hits bookstores on Nov. 17.
